storm

Some line

Nov 06, '08

Waqt badalti hai jindegi k sath, jindegi badalti hai pyaar k sath, pyar nahi badalti hai apno k sath, bas apne badal jate hai waqt k sath. Guzar jayega bin apke ye paal, jinhe hum intezar aur aap waqt kehte hai, kya pata bhul jao aa is dosti ko, jise hum ek rista aur aap ek lafz samajhte hai. Lamha lamha aapke hothon pe muskan rahe, har gaam se aap anjan rahe, jise sath mehek uthe apki zindegi, hamesha aapke paas wohi pyar banke rahe. My best wishes. Ayan.

Haemoglobin Electrophoresis (Hb varient)

Aug 28, '08

Haemoglobin Electrophoresis HPLC is a relatively fast and accurate method with high precision, and provides precise quantification of Hb A2 and Hb F. The most commonly occurring Hb variants are Hb- D,S,C and E, along with beta-Thalassemia. Thalassemia, a hereditary disorder causes defective production of hemoglobin. There are two types, alpha-Thalassemia and beta-Thalassemia. A frequently occurring, beta-Thalassemia is commonly found in the heterozygous state as minor or trait. Clinical identification of these carriers is important though sometimes the patients are afflicted with a mild anemia or may be asymptomatic but any offspring between individuals with the beta-Thalassemia trait are at risk of being homozygous for the beta-Thalassemia gene. The homozygous state, beta-Thalassemia major, is a lethal disease.

Anti Nuclear Antibodies (ANA)

Aug 28, '08

Anti Nuclear Antibodies (ANA) The presence of one of more circulating serum autoantibodies to nuclear antigens is a hallmark of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases. A negative ANA test virtually rules out a diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus but a positive test may be indicative of a number of autoimmune connective tissue diseases such as Scleroderma, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sjogren’s syndrome. ANA test carried out by Immunofluorescence assay using HEP-2 slide (Tissue culture substrate) is more sensitive and specific than ANA carried out by enzyme immunoassay. The ANA pattern seen on immunofluroscence staining helps in determination of the antibody specificities, which need to be confirmed by immunoblot techniques. A result reported in primary dilution of 1:40 does not preclude a stronger response. A specimen that is tested at 1:40 with an intensity of 2+ or greater needs a higher dilution, to get end titre readings. The positivity seen on fluorescence indicates 1+ Positivity = Weakly positive, can be found in normal healthy individual (1:20). 2+ Positivity = Moderate positive, clinically insignificant in most cases (1:40). 3+ Positivity = Significant positive, needs clinical correlation (1:100). 4+ Positivity = Strong positive, highly suggestive of collagen vascular disease (1:1000). Titre estimation helps to monitor response to treatment. Methodology of Test: Immunofluroscence.

CA 19.9

Aug 25, '08

CA 19.9 Elevated CA 19.9 values are frequently found in the serum of persons with gastrointestinal malignancies such as Pancreatic, Colorectal, Gastric and Hepatic Carcinomas. A persistently rising CA 19.9 value may be associated with progressive malignant disease and poor therapeutic response. Benign conditions such as Pancreatitis and Hepatitis can cause elevated serum concentrations, but most of these are below 120 U/ml. Although useful as an adjunct in cancer diagnosis, it should not be considered as screening or diagnostic test when used alone. Comments: IMMULITE CLIA BASED CA 19.9 Assay (DPC LABORATORIES) Expected Values: 96.60% of Healthy Individuals: Below 37.00 U/mL. CA 19.9 is a useful Tumour Marker especially for already diagnosed PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMAS and abdominal malignancies. Baseline levels measured prior to therapeutic intervention, and followed later by serial periodical measurements, will enable the treating doctor to predict outcome of the therapy. They also help in early discovery of recurrences, relapses and metastases. In general, Tumour Marker level which is more important, rather than it’s absolute value. A 50% change can be considered clinically significant. As with other Tumour Markers, CA 19.9 should not be used along, but in conjunction with other clinical criteria. Combined use of CA 19.9 and CEA increases sensitivity, specificity and predictability of Tumour Markers in PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA. It must be emphasised that CA 19.9 may also be elevated in HEPATOMA, cancers of the STOMACH, BILARY DUCT, COLON, LUNGS, BREAST and dome non-malignant conditions speciality LIVER NECROSIS. Therefore, it should never be used as a screening test for diagnosing Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, but only as an aid in follow-up studies. Methodology of Test: Chemiluminescence.

Thyroid Profile (TPC 3rd Generation)

Aug 23, '08

Thyroid Profile (TPC 3rd Generation) Triiodothyronine (3,5,3’-L-triiodothyronine, T3) is a hormone that originates from direct thyroid synthesis and secretion (approximately 20%) and from peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 (approximately 80%). Thyroxine (3,5,3’-Ltetraiodothyronine T4) is hormone synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland and plays an important role in regulating metabolism. TSH is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to a negative feedback mechanism involving concentrations of FT3 (Free T3) and FT4 (Free T4). Additionally, the hypothalamic tripeptide, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), directly stimulates TSH production. TSH is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to a negative feedback mechanism involving concentrations of FT3 (Free T3) and FT4 (Free T4). The secretion of T3 and T4 is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism involving the thyroid gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Although serum levels of T3 are small, it has a greater physiological potency than T4. In the circulation, 99.7% of T3 and 99.95% of T4 is reversibly bound to transport proteins, primarily thyroxinbinding globulin (TBG) and to a lesser extend albumin and thyroxin-binding prealbumin (TBPA). Unbound or Free T3 and Free T4 are metabolically active and bound T3 and T4 are metabolically inactive, acting as a reserve for Free T3 and Free T4. TBG concentrations remain relatively constant in healthy individuals. However, pregnancy, excess estrogens, androgens, anabolic steroids and glucocorticoids and known to alter TBG levels and may cause false thyroid values for thyroid function tests. T3 and T4 levels in these situations may not accurately reflect thyroid status. Primary malfunction of the thyroid gland may result in excessive (hyper) or below normal (hypo) release of T3 or T4. In addition, as TSH directly affects thyroid function, malfunction of the pituitary or the hypothalamus influences the thyroid gland activity. Disease in any portion of the thyroid-pituitary-hypothalamus system may influence the level of T3 and T4 in the blood. Diagnostically, T3 concentration is more sensitive to certain thyroid conditions that T4. While T4 levels are a sensitive (and superior) indicator of hypothyroidism, T3 blood levels better define hyperthyroidism. The ability of quantitiate circulating levels of TSH is important in evaluating thyroid function. It is especially useful in the differential diagnosis of primary (thyroid) from secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamus) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, TSH levels are significantly elevated, while in secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism, TSH levels are low. In addition, in the Euthyroid Sick Syndrome, multiple alterations in serum thyroid function test findings have been recognised in patients with a wide variety of nonthyroidal illness (NTI) without evidence of pre-existing thyroid or hypothalamic-pituitary disease. Below mentioned are the guidelines for age related reference ranges for T3, T4 and TSH results. Age Reference Range Total T3 Total T4 TSH (In ng/dl) (In µg/dl) (In µlU/ml) Cord Blood 14 – 86 6.6 – 17.5 2.0 – 40.0 1 – 6 days 100 – 470 11.0 – 21.5 0.4 – 15.0 1 – 3 weeks NA 8.2 – 16.6 0.4 – 10.0 1 week – 1 year 105 – 245 NA NA 1 month – 4 years NA 7.2 – 15.6 0.4 – 5.5 1 – 9 years 94 – 269 NA NA 5 – 9 years NA 6.4 – 13.3 0.4 – 5.5 10 – 20 years 80 – 213 4.2 – 12.6 0.4 – 5.5

Vitamin B12

Aug 23, '08

>> Click here to view original post Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin is a complex corrinoid compound containing four pyrrole rings that surround a single cobalt atom. Humans obtain Vitamin B12 exclusively from animal dietary sources, such as meat, eggs and milk. Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by the parietal cells in the gastric mucosa for absorption. Vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor from a complex that attaches to receptors in the ileal mucosa, where proteins known as transcobalamins transport the Vitamin B12 from the mucosal cells to the blood and tissues. Most Vitamin B12 is stored in the liver as well as in the bone marrow and other tissues. Vitamin B12 and Folate are critical to normal DNA synthesis, which in turn affects erythrocyte maturation. Vitamin B12 is also necessary for myelin sheath formation and maintenance. The body uses its B12 stores very economically, reabsorbing Vitamin B12 from the ileum and retuning it to the liver so that very little is excreted. Clinical and laboratory findings for B12 deficiency includes neurological abnormalities, decreased serum B12 levels and increased excretion of methylmalonic acid. The impaired DNA synthesis associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency causes macrocytic anaemia. These megaloblasts and in decreased erythrocyte survival. Pernicious anaemia is a macrocytic anaemia caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency that is due to lack of intrinsic factor. Low Vitamin B12 deficiency. Preservatives such as fluorides and ascorbic acid interfere with this assay. Excessive exposure of the specimen to light may alter Vitamin B12 result. Methodology of Test: Chemiluminescence.

TRUE SUGAR CHECK

Aug 08, '08

FASTING & PP BLOOD SUGAR MIGHT NOT BE THE TRUE INDICATION OF SUGAR LEVEL, FOR ACTUAL PICTURE OF DIABETES – ***GLYCOSYLATED HAEMOGLOBIN(HBA1C)**** Ceirculating Haemoglbin (Hb) in adults consist of HBA (97%), Hba2 (2.5%) and HBF (0.5%). Hba contains a number of minor Hb (HbA1A, HbA1B, & HbA1C), collectively known as HbA1. HbA1C is the direct combination of glucose and average concentration of glucose in the blood. In anormal person, about 4-6% of HbA is glycosylated, in the diabetic, the percentage of HbA1C increases depending upon the degree of hypoglycaemia. This HbA1C accumulates with in the RBCs and exists in this from throughout the lifespan of the red blood cells i.e. 80-120days.Measurement ofHbA1C therefore, reflects the long-term diabetic control over the 2-3 month period to blood collection. All people with diabetes should have a haemoglobin A1C at least trice a year. People with diabetes should get the test more often if their blood sugar stays too high or their diabetologist/physician makes any change in their treatment plan. The findings of a major diabetes study, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), have shown that lowering the haemoglobin A1C number can delay or prevent the development of serious eye, kidney, and nerve disease in people with diabetes. The study also showed that lowering Haemoglobin A1C levels by any amount improves a person’s chances of staying healthy. Glycosylated haemoglobin (total) is total HbA1C , which comprises (HbA1A, HbA1B, & HbA1C) and is that most laboratories estimate and the HbA1C value is then arrived at by an approximate calculation . This method obviously has several drawbacks thereby affecting the accuracy of the test. The HPLC (Gold Standard for HBA1C) method is the only method that meets all five of the NTH recommended guidelines for the determination of haemoglobin A1C , which include: NTH recommended guidelines: 1. Specific measurment of haemoglobin A1C 2. Narrow non-diabetic range (4.0% - 6.0%) 3. Highly precise mesurement (<2% - CV’s) 4. Removal of interferences 5. Haemoglobinopathies detected when present Therapy for diabetes requires long-term maintenance of blood glucose level as close as possible to normal level, minimizing the risk of long-term vascular/neural complications. A single fasting or post-prandial (p.p) glucose level is an indication of patient’s immediate past condition (hours) , but may not represent the true status of blood glucose regulation. This is because blood glucose level is affected by so many factors like, intake of carbohydrates, absorption , metabolism, timing and dosage of anti-diabetic drugs, anxietly and mental stress, activity during the day, interference from many common drugs as also alcohol. HbA1C is not affected by the above-mentioned variables and hence is a true index of the mean true blood glucose. HbA1C test result are measured by Affinity Column Chromatography, which allow the determination of a calculated mean blood glucose (MBG) reported in mg/dl . This calculation is only possible using the HPLC analytical method and is based on Nathan ET AL. , Linear regression formula. This MBG level reflects the average blood glucose level over the last 3 month period abnormal Hb variants (HBF and some other rate Hb variants) which coelute with HBA1 fractions may give abnormally high values for HbA1C…..

ESSSENTIAL HELP LINE

Jun 21, '08

Dear friend, You wanted to know about our N.G.O ESSENTIAL HELP LINE.. here I am describing the same. Our work and initiative is dedicated to the poorest of the poor. We started our activities from 23rd fev. 2003 through Medical health Checkup among the poor people in several areas. After one year we tried to spread out our activities with various types of social woks. Such as Relief materials distribution in flooded area of Murshidabad, Blood donetion camp, Thalasema ditaction, Cataract (Eye) operation with free lense, Winter cloth distribution among the poor people, School uniform distribution among the needy students, Arrangement of Vocational training for Deaf & Dumb etc. Our future prospects :- 1/- To establish a Orphanise home for destitute boys & girls. 2/- To establish an old age home for helpless old persons 3/- To establish a Rehabilitation center for handicapped person (blind, deaf& dumb, othopadicaly). We can’t succed our achivement due to financial problem. U are requested to help us to success our mission. Our bank a/c no:- SB-39455(Bank of boroda,sodepur brunch) Sodepur, Kolkata- 700110. Contact person: Ayan Das:-09231887390, 09432409472 Jagat bandhu Dutta- 09231929030 Our email id :- essentialhelpline@yahoo.com

4 new friends

Jun 08, '08

Khus naseeb hote hai yeh Baadal, Jo door rehkar bhi Zamin par Baraste hai, Aur ek badd nasib hai hum, Jo ek hi Duniya mein reh kar bhi Milne ko Taraste hai.

Advance Respiretory Check

May 28, '08

>> Click here to view original post Breathing problems or what is known as 'Respiretory Problems' is a widespread and common phenomena. Such problems may occur to person of any age, male or female. Continuous cough ,feaver, sneezing, lack of appetite, vomiting and breathlessness are primary symptoms of respiretory diseases. Air pollution, cold weather, rains, even sudden weather chenges activate the virus or bacteria that cause respiretory problems. Germs enter our body through nose and mouth causing several types of diseases like Pharyngitis, Acute Bronchitis, Chronic Bronchitis, lower respiretory tract infection and other sirous Problems. With recent advences in pathology teasting the real cause of respiretory problems can now be pinpointed only through Speciality advanced test.----- 1/ Bactec Arobic Blood Culture, 2/ Gram Stain. 3/ Serum Creatinine, 4/ Complete Blood Count(hb,tc,dc,esr,etc). 5/ AFB Stain. and 6/ Blood Sugar.